Direct speech or quoted
speech is a sentence (or several sentences) that reports speech or
thought in its original form, as phrased by the original speaker.[1] It is
usually enclosed in quotation marks. The cited speaker is either mentioned in
the inquit (Latin "he/she says") or implied.
Indirect speech,
also called reported speech or indirect discourse, is a means of expressing the
content of statements, questions or other utterances, without quoting them
explicitly as is done in direct speech. For example, He said "I'm
coming" is direct speech, whereas He said he was coming is indirect
speech. Indirect speech should not be confused with indirect speech acts.
Ø
Example Direct
Speech
1.He said to
his servant,” Go away at once”.
2. andi said “I
buy my dictionary at the book shop”.
3. She said
“I’m doing my Economy homework”.
4. Nuri said”I
have finished doing my reports”
Ø
Example indirect
Speech
1.He said that
he had been reading “Refrain” novel
2. monika said
that they would leave for indonesia.
3. He said that
he had gone to school the day before
4. He said that
they had been living there for three years.
1. Changes in
Structure of sentence
If we look at
the direct speech sentence, there are characteristics that are identical
quotation marks ("). Tada learned is a way that is often used to
distinguish which are direct or indirect.
When the
changed climates of direct speech into indirect speech sentences, no quotation
marks are removed or replaced with the word "that" or "to"
(for command line). For example:
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
01
|
He
said, "I have a present for you in my bag."
|
He
said that he had a present for me in his bag.
|
02
|
He
asked me, "why do you come late."
|
He
asked me why I came late.
|
03
|
He
orderd me, "don't bring a bag."
|
He
ordered me to didn't bring a bag.
|
Sentence
structure changes also occur if the direct speech using interrogative sentence,
it will be converted into an affirmative sentence (news).
For the use of
direct speech sentence interrogative sentence "yes-no question" it
will be changed to if / Whether. For example:
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
01
|
They
asked me, "Do you want to join us to play football?"
|
They
asked me if/whether I want to join them to play football.
|
02
|
He
asked me, "Does she want to mary me?"
|
He
asked me if/whether she wants to mary her.
|
For direct
speech sentence that uses 5W1H question (Why, Who, What, When, Where, How), it
will be converted into an affirmative sentence in the following way:
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
01
|
He
asked me, "why do you come late?"
|
He
asked me why you came late.
|
02
|
He
asked me, "what does she eat?"
|
He
asked me what she ate.
|
03
|
He
asked me, "when did you come?"
|
He
asked me when I came.
|
04
|
He
asked me, "who are you?"
|
He
asked me who I was.
|
05
|
He
asked me, "who is she?"
|
He
asked me who she was.
|
2. Changes
tense (tenses)
As explained
upfront, change from direct to indirect also affects the tense used. Most
students difficult to understand change this one. To that end, the author
purposely made tense
change table to be easily understood.
Below is a
table of tenses change direct speech into indirect speech.
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
01
|
Simple
Present
|
Simple
Past
|
02
|
Present
Continuous
|
Past
Continuous
|
03
|
Present
Future
|
Past
Future
|
04
|
Present
Perfect
|
Past
Perfect
|
05
|
Present
Perfect Continuous
|
Past
Perfect Continuous
|
06
|
Simple
Past
|
Past
Perfect
|
07
|
Past
Continuous
|
Past
Perfect Continuous
|
Or it could be
made easier with the following table below, namely:
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
01
|
V1
(eat)
|
V2
(ate)
|
02
|
V2
(ate)
|
Had
+ V3 (had eaten)
|
03
|
Am/is/are
|
Was/were
|
04
|
Do/does
|
Did
|
05
|
Do/does
not
|
Did
not
|
06
|
Did
not
|
Had
not + V3
|
07
|
Was/were
|
Had
been
|
08
|
Am/is/are
+ V-ing
|
Was/were
+ V-ing
|
09
|
Was/were
+V-ing
|
Had
been + V-ing
|
10
|
Has/have
+ V3
|
Had
+ V3
|
11
|
Will/shall/can/may/must
|
Would/should/could/might/had
to
|
12
|
Could/might/should/would
+ V1/be
|
Could/might/should/would
+ have+ V3/been
|
3. Changes
Pronoun
And possessive
pronoun changes depending on sabjek and objects used in direct speech
(sentences directly) that would affect the change pronouns in indirect speech
(indirect sentences).
·
First person
pronouns (I and We) on speech reporting (see explanation in the beginning)
change according to the subject that is in reproted speech.
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
01
|
He said, ‘I am
busy.’
|
He said that he
was busy.
|
02
|
She said, ‘I am
unwell.’
|
She said that she
was unwell.
|
03
|
I said, ‘I
will be late.’
|
I said that I
would be late.
|
04
|
They said, ‘We
will not permit this.’
|
They said that they
would not permit that.
|
05
|
We said, ‘We
need to buy some clothes.’
|
We said that we
needed to buy some clothes.
|
·
The second
person pronoun (You) in reporting speech in direct speech changes according to
the object in reported speech.
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
01
|
He
said to me, ‘You have to come with me.’
|
He
told me that I had to go with him.
|
02
|
She
said to me, ‘You can go.’
|
She
told me that I could go.
|
03
|
She
said to him, ‘You can go.’
|
She
told him that he could go.
|
·
Third person
pronoun (He, she, it and they) in direct speech did not change when changed into
indirect speech.
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
01
|
He
said, ‘She is a good girl.’
|
He
said that she was a good girl.
|
02
|
She
said, ‘They have invited us.’
|
She
said that they had invited them.
|
03
|
They
said, ‘He does not have the necessary qualifications.’
|
They
said that he did not have the necessary qualifications.
|
4. Specification
changes of time and place (Adverbs of time and place)
Not only that,
in a change from direct speech to indirect speech also affects especially
adverbs adverb of time (time information) and adverb of place (adverb). For
that you must understand the following table.
No
|
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
01
|
Now
|
Then
|
02
|
To
day
|
That
day
|
03
|
Tomorrow
|
The
next day
The day after The following day A day later |
04
|
Next
...
|
The
... after
The following ... |
05
|
Last
...
|
The
... before
The Previous ... |
06
|
...
ago
|
...
before
... earlier |
07
|
Yesterday
|
The
day before
The previous day The preceeding day |
08
|
The
day before yesterday
|
Two
day before
|
09
|
Here
|
There
|
10
|
This
|
That
|
11
|
These
|
Those
|
Below are
examples of direct and indirect speech to increase the understanding of the
above explanation.
Direct
Speech
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
(+)
|
He
said, “I have a present for you in my bag. here”
|
He
said that he had a present for me in his bag there.
|
(-)
|
He said, “I do not have a present for you in my bag” |
He said that he did not have a present for me in his bag. |
(?)
|
He asked, “Do I have a present for you in my bag?” |
He asked me if/whether he had a present for me in his bag. |
(?)
|
He asked me, “ Why do I have to have a present for you in my bag? |
He
asked me why he had to have a present for me in his bag.
|
(!)
|
He ordered/commanded me, “Bring my bag here now!” |
He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then. |
(!)
|
He
ordered me, “Don’t bring your bag here!”
|
He
ordered me not to bring my bag there.
|
SoftSkill English 2
Direct Speech and Indirect Speech
Nama : Vina Wahyu Astuti
NPM : 19213152
Kelas : 1EA22
Universitas Gunadarma
2014
Reference:
