vina: SOFTSKILL ENGLISH 2 DIRECT SPEECH AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech or quoted speech is a sentence (or several sentences) that reports speech or thought in its original form, as phrased by the original speaker.[1] It is usually enclosed in quotation marks. The cited speaker is either mentioned in the inquit (Latin "he/she says") or implied.

Indirect speech, also called reported speech or indirect discourse, is a means of expressing the content of statements, questions or other utterances, without quoting them explicitly as is done in direct speech. For example, He said "I'm coming" is direct speech, whereas He said he was coming is indirect speech. Indirect speech should not be confused with indirect speech acts.

Ø Example Direct Speech

1.He said to his servant,” Go away at once”.

2. andi said “I buy my dictionary at the book shop”.

3. She said “I’m doing my Economy homework”.

4. Nuri said”I have finished doing my reports”

Ø Example indirect Speech

1.He said that he had been reading “Refrain” novel

2. monika said that they would leave for indonesia.

3. He said that he had gone to school the day before

4. He said that they had been living there for three years.

1. Changes in Structure of sentence

If we look at the direct speech sentence, there are characteristics that are identical quotation marks ("). Tada learned is a way that is often used to distinguish which are direct or indirect.

When the changed climates of direct speech into indirect speech sentences, no quotation marks are removed or replaced with the word "that" or "to" (for command line). For example:

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He said, "I have a present for you in my bag."	He said that he had a present for me in his bag.
02	He asked me, "why do you come late."	He asked me why I came late.
03	He orderd me, "don't bring a bag."	He ordered me to didn't bring a bag.

Sentence structure changes also occur if the direct speech using interrogative sentence, it will be converted into an affirmative sentence (news).

For the use of direct speech sentence interrogative sentence "yes-no question" it will be changed to if / Whether. For example:

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	They asked me, "Do you want to join us to play football?"	They asked me if/whether I want to join them to play football.
02	He asked me, "Does she want to mary me?"	He asked me if/whether she wants to mary her.

For direct speech sentence that uses 5W1H question (Why, Who, What, When, Where, How), it will be converted into an affirmative sentence in the following way:

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He asked me, "why do you come late?"	He asked me why you came late.
02	He asked me, "what does she eat?"	He asked me what she ate.
03	He asked me, "when did you come?"	He asked me when I came.
04	He asked me, "who are you?"	He asked me who I was.
05	He asked me, "who is she?"	He asked me who she was.

2. Changes tense (tenses)

As explained upfront, change from direct to indirect also affects the tense used. Most students difficult to understand change this one. To that end, the author purposely made tense change table to be easily understood.

Below is a table of tenses change direct speech into indirect speech.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	Simple Present	Simple Past
02	Present Continuous	Past Continuous
03	Present Future	Past Future
04	Present Perfect	Past Perfect
05	Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
06	Simple Past	Past Perfect
07	Past Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous

Or it could be made easier with the following table below, namely:

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	V1 (eat)	V2 (ate)
02	V2 (ate)	Had + V3 (had eaten)
03	Am/is/are	Was/were
04	Do/does	Did
05	Do/does not	Did not
06	Did not	Had not + V3
07	Was/were	Had been
08	Am/is/are + V-ing	Was/were + V-ing
09	Was/were +V-ing	Had been + V-ing
10	Has/have + V3	Had + V3
11	Will/shall/can/may/must	Would/should/could/might/had to
12	Could/might/should/would + V1/be	Could/might/should/would + have+ V3/been

3. Changes Pronoun

And possessive pronoun changes depending on sabjek and objects used in direct speech (sentences directly) that would affect the change pronouns in indirect speech (indirect sentences).

· First person pronouns (I and We) on speech reporting (see explanation in the beginning) change according to the subject that is in reproted speech.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He said, ‘I am busy.’	He said that he was busy.
02	She said, ‘I am unwell.’	*She* said that *she* was unwell.
03	I said, ‘I will be late.’	I said that I would be late.
04	They said, ‘We will not permit this.’	*They* said that *they* would not permit that.
05	We said, ‘We need to buy some clothes.’	We said that we needed to buy some clothes.

· The second person pronoun (You) in reporting speech in direct speech changes according to the object in reported speech.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He said to me, ‘You have to come with me.’	He told me that I had to go with him.
02	She said to me, ‘You can go.’	She told me that I could go.
03	She said to him, ‘You can go.’	She told him that he could go.

· Third person pronoun (He, she, it and they) in direct speech did not change when changed into indirect speech.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He said, ‘She is a good girl.’	He said that she was a good girl.
02	She said, ‘They have invited us.’	She said that they had invited them.
03	They said, ‘He does not have the necessary qualifications.’	They said that he did not have the necessary qualifications.

4. Specification changes of time and place (Adverbs of time and place)

Not only that, in a change from direct speech to indirect speech also affects especially adverbs adverb of time (time information) and adverb of place (adverb). For that you must understand the following table.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	Now	Then
02	To day	That day
03	Tomorrow	The next day The day after The following day A day later
04	Next ...	The ... after The following ...
05	Last ...	The ... before The Previous ...
06	... ago	... before ... earlier
07	Yesterday	The day before The previous day The preceeding day
08	The day before yesterday	Two day before
09	Here	There
10	This	That
11	These	Those

Below are examples of direct and indirect speech to increase the understanding of the above explanation.

	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
(+)	He said, “I have a present for you in my bag. here”	He said that he had a present for me in his bag there.
(-)	He said, “I do not have a present for you in my bag”	He said that he did not have a present for me in his bag.
(?)	He asked, “Do I have a present for you in my bag?”	He asked me if/whether he had a present for me in his bag.
(?)	He asked me, “ Why do I have to have a present for you in my bag?	He asked me why he had to have a present for me in his bag.
(!)	He ordered/commanded me, “Bring my bag here now!”	He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then.
(!)	He ordered me, “Don’t bring your bag here!”	He ordered me not to bring my bag there.